Ending dependence on fossil fuels (1), reducing residual GHG emissions (2) and increasing carbon sinks (3) will require changes in future scenarios of CO2 emissions, capture, storage and use. In addition to significant efforts to reduce demand, electrify uses and improve efficiency, the levers for direct action on carbon flows identified today are grouped under the following headings:

•  Carbon Capture and Usage (CCU) to replace fossil carbon (1)
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to limit residual fossil carbon emissions (2)
• Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) for generating "negative emissions" of CO2 (3)

 Their development will have a physical and industrial impact, as well as an impact on the CO2 capture, storage and recovery markets. Current regulations will require the capture and storage of fossil-based CO₂ by 2041. Before 2041, it may be captured and recycled for reuse. After 2041, only biogenic CO₂ or CO₂ from Direct Air Capture (DAC) may be recycled.

 The internship proposes to study the potential changes in CO2 emissions from sectors using biomass as a resource (paper, cardboard, biogas production through fermentation, ethanol, wood energy) and, more specifically, biogenic CO2 emissions in these sectors. Capture sources and associated markets for the production of efuels will also be studied. The internship is based on the results of a previous project to identify the CO2 emission potential of different industrial sectors at European level.

• Capture sources: The intern will be responsible for identifying sources of biogenic CO₂ emissions and characterising capture technologies according to their source. Several forms of the potential reservoir will be studied: concentrated CO₂ (from point sources in biogenic sectors such as paper mills, methanisation and ethanol production), less concentrated CO₂ from energy sources (e.g. industrial boilers) and atmospheric CO₂.
• The intern will also conduct technical and economic assessements of CO2 capture. The objective is to evaluate the cost of captured CO₂ based on capture process costs. Traditional evaluation methods will be employed, such as bibliography research, process analysis, process simulation and economic calculation.
• Infrastructure and logistics: Storage and transport infrastructure will be deployed as the market develops. The intern will participate in research such as: ‘Where does CO₂ come from?’, ‘How is it transported depending on the source and use, including storage?’.
• Regulations: Finally, the intern will study current regulations, as well as their possible evolution in terms of CO₂ storage and use.
• Additional databases on the potential and availability of biomass will also be required. As the internship focuses on biogenic CO₂, it will be necessary to link these potential sources to biomass conversion processes, thereby consolidating agricultural and forestry biomass resource databases.

Scientific/engineering profile with training in economics (double degree or strong component in initial training).

Interest in energy transition, energy modelling and curiosity about technological aspects

Skills in database processing and data analysis.

Interest in quantitative analysis, economics and markets.

Joint interest in energy systems analysis and calculations.

Ability to analyse and synthesise.

Skills required:
Energy, Processes, Balance Sheet Calculations, Simulation, Statistical Analysis, Multi-criteria Analysis of Energy Systems, Optimisation using Digital Tools.

Skills in simulation, balance calculations, and energy system optimisation simulation.

French or foreign intern. Strong English skills are required.